Explanatory models for homeopathy: from the vital force to the current paradigm
IACH - Prof. G. Vithoulkas
Home - Explanatory models for homeopathy: from the vital force to the current paradigm
Explanatory models for homeopathy: from the vital force to the current paradigm
-
Author(s)
Silvia Waisse, Leoni Villano Bonamin
Journal
Homeopathy 2016; 105(03): 280-285 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.003
Abstract
Facing claims for and against the scientific status of homeopathy, one is entitled to ask: is there a scientific model for homeopathy? In this study we reconstructed the model put forward by Hahnemann. The results showed that it was essentially based on the assumption of a ‘vital force’ exclusive to living beings. While the vital force was a basic element of 18th-century science, the existence of such a sui generis force of nature was refuted with the formulation of the law of the conservation of energy by mid-19th century. As a function of that fact for homeopathic theory, we discuss the history of the rise and demise of the theory of the vital force from the last quarter of the 18th century to 1830. Finally, we call the attention to the paradigm shift biology underwent starting at the end of the 19th century as the framework for contemporary views on the functioning of living beings and consequently, of the effects of pharmacological agents on them.
Category: Science Related
External url
https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.003?device=mobile&innerWidth=360&offsetWidth=360
input:focus,
select:focus,
textarea:focus {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.radio i,
.checkbox i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.radio i:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.button, .btn-default {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.button:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.page-header-top {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-header-bottom-alt {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-intro:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-intro:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-content-section-bg {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-content-section-bg:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-content-section-border {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-footer {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-1 {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-1 i {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-2:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-2 i:after,
.block-head-2 i:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-3 {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-3 i:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-4:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-7 {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-head-7:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.page-content-section-bg .block-head-3 i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.main-search button {
color: #bd2626;
}
.main-search button:after {
background: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li a:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li ul {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li li:hover > a,
.main-nav li li.active > a,
#block-newsletter-newsletter-subscribe .form-submit:hover,
.block-product-details .add-wishlist .button-alt:hover, .block-product-details-2 .add-wishlist .button-alt:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav .switcher {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav .mega > div {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
#block-newsletter-newsletter-subscribe .form-submit, .btn-primary:hover, .btn-primary:focus, .btn-primary:active {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.art-portfolio ol li.active, .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-handle, .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range,
.btn-primary.link {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.btn-primary, .button:hover, .btn-default:hover, .btn-default:focus, .btn-default:active {
border-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.btn-primary.link:hover, .btn-primary.link:focus, .btn-primary.link:active {
color: #bd2626;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) { /* phone */
.main-nav ul {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li a {
color: #ecf0f1;
}
.main-nav li ul {
background: #e9e9e9;
}
.main-nav li li {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li li a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav li li a:hover {
background-color: #bd2626;
color: #fff;
}
.main-nav li li ul {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav .mega ul li {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
}
.slider-revolution .fa:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.slider-revolution .title {
border-top-color: 1px solid #bd2626;
border-bottom-color: 1px solid #bd2626;
}
.slider-revolution .button-my {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.slider-revolution .button-my:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-1 a:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-1 .active,
.pagination-1 .active:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-2 a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-2 .active,
.pagination-2 .active:hover {
background: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-3 a:before {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px #bd2626;
}
.pagination-3 .active:before,
.pagination-3 .active:hover:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-4 a:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-4 .active {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.pagination-5 a {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits div:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits-2 li i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits-2 .tabs a:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits-2 .tabs .active a,
.block-benefits-2 .tabs .active a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-benefits-3 i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about .button {
border-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about .button:hover {
background: #bd2626;
color: #ecf0f1;
}
.block-about .owl-prev:hover,
.block-about .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-2 .bar {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-2 .value {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-4 .owl-pagination div {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-5 .owl-prev,
.block-about-5 .owl-next {
display: inline-block;
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-5 .owl-prev:hover,
.block-about-5 .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-about-6 .icons a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-mission .year {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-mission .years a:after {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works ol .active {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works .description {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works .description:before {
border-right-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-3 h3 {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-3 .link {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-3 .fancybox {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-3 .owl-pagination div {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-4:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-4 .fancybox {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-4 .owl-prev:hover,
.block-recent-works-4 .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-6 a:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-6 .owl-prev,
.block-recent-works-6 .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-works-6 .owl-prev:hover,
.block-recent-works-6 .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio ol li.active {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio ul .pic span:after,
.block-portfolio ul .pic span:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio ul .pic span i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-2 ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-2 ol li.active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-2 ul .pic:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-2 ul .pic a {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-2 ul .pic a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-3 ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-3 ol li.active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-4 h3 {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-4 .link {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-4 .fancybox {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-5 ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-5 ol li.active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-5 .info:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-6 ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-6 ol li.active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-6 ul a:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-7 ol li:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-7 ol li.active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-7 ul li:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-7 ul a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-8 li div:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-portfolio-8 li a {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-clients .owl-prev,
.block-clients .owl-next {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-testimonials-3 .carousel h3 {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-testimonials-3 .owl-pagination div {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-testimonials-3 .owl-pagination .active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-testimonials-4 .owl-prev,
.block-testimonials-4 .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-testimonials-4 .owl-prev:hover,
.block-testimonials-4 .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services li a {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services li a:hover {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-2 li a:hover {
background: none;
}
.block-services-2 li a:after {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px #bd2626;
}
.block-services-2 li a:hover:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-3 li a:hover {
background: none;
}
.block-services-3 li a:after {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px #bd2626;
}
.block-services-3 li a:before {
background: #bd2626;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px #bd2626;
}
.block-services-3 li a:hover:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-4 li a {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-4 li a:hover {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-5 li i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-5 li i:hover {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-6 h3 span {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-6 li a {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-6 li a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-7 .info i {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-7 .carousel .active {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-7 .carousel .owl-prev,
.block-services-7 .carousel .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-services-7 .carousel .owl-prev:hover,
.block-services-7 .carousel .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing dt {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing .price:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing li:hover .inner {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing li:hover .button {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing li:hover .button:hover {
background: #bd2626;
}
.page-content-section .block-pricing .inner {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing-2 dt {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing-2 .price {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing-2 .button {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing-2 li:hover .inner {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-pricing-2 li:hover .button:hover {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-progress li i {
border-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-2 .pic:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-2 .icons a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-3 .pic:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-3 .icons a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-3 .info h3 {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-list .pic span:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-list .icons a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-list .icons a:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-list .skills {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-team-grid .pic:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-skills i:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-skills .bar {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-skills-2 i:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-skills-2 .bar {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-capabilities h3 {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-capabilities-2 h3 {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts .info {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts-2:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts-2 li .button {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts-2 li .button:hover {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts-2 .button-more {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-recent-posts-2 .button-more:hover {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-featured-posts .pic:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-list .link {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-list .date:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-list .date-alt {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-list .zoom {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-grid .link {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-grid .date:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-grid .pic:hover .date {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-grid .zoom {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-details .date:before,
.block-blog-details .reply:before,
.block-blog-details .type:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-details .date-alt {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-details .share a:before {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-details .share a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-blog-details .about:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-toolbar .view a:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-toolbar .view .active,
.block-catalog-toolbar .view .active:hover {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-toolbar .direction {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-toolbar .direction:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-grid .pic:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-grid .badge {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-grid .price {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-grid .owl-prev,
.block-catalog-grid .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-grid .owl-prev:hover,
.block-catalog-grid .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;;
}
.block-catalog-list .pic:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-list .badge:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-list .price {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-list .owl-prev,
.block-catalog-list .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-catalog-list .owl-prev:hover,
.block-catalog-list .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;;
}
.block-product-details .price {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-details .button-alt {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-details-2 .button-alt {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-details-2 .share a:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #bd2626;
}
.block-product-details-2 .share a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-info .owl-prev,
.block-product-info .owl-next {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-info .owl-prev:hover,
.block-product-info .owl-next:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-tabs .head .active {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-product-tabs .head .active:before {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart th {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart .price {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart .remove {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart .remove:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart .quantity a {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart .empty td {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart-totals dd {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-shopping-cart-totals .button-alt {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-checkout-order td:last-child {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-checkout-payment label {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-welcome .icons i:after {
border-color: #bd2626;
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-welcome .icons a:hover i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-pasteboard:before {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-pasteboard .icons a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-map-3 .block-head {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ul li:after,
.block-contacts ul li:before {
border-color: #bd2626;
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ul li:before {
background-color: #fff;
}
.block-contacts ul li span {
border-bottom-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ul .active {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ul .active:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ol {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ol li {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-contacts ol li i:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-feedback .message i,
.block-feedback-2 .message i {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-not-found h3 {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-not-found .pic:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-not-found .pic div:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-not-found-2 .button {
color: #bd2626;
}
.block-not-found-2 .button:hover {
background: #bd2626;
}
.block-coming-soon li:before {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.block-coming-soon-2 li:after {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-categories a:hover,
.widget-categories a.active {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-top-posts a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-text hr {
border-top-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-text em {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-archive a:hover,
.widget-archive a.active {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-tags a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-categories-filter a:hover {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-categories-filter .active {
color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-categories-filter .active span {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-price-filter .ui-slider-range {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-price-filter .ui-slider-handle {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-color-filter .active:before {
border-color: #bd2626;
}
.widget-top-products .pic i {
background-color: #bd2626;
}
.main-nav ul {
background-color: #bd2626;
}